[Prognostic factors and profile in traumatic brain injury in the paediatric age]. / Perfil y factores pronósticos en el traumatismo craneoencefálico en la edad pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common cause of death and disability in the paediatric population, although the literature on the Spanish population is scarce. From the perspective of early vulnerability, recent research findings suggest that early brain injury has worse sequelae and a higher risk of impact. AIMS: To analyse the intelligence profile, executive functions and behaviour, and examine the association between age at the time of the injury, severity of the TBI and environmental factors for cognitive and behavioural outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-one participants with moderate to severe TBI, from 6 to 16 years of age, were assessed with measures of intelligence (intelligence quotient), executive functions and behaviour. RESULTS: Children with TBI are at increased risk of disability in all aspects of intelligence, executive functions and behaviour. Children who suffered a traumatic brain injury in infancy and the preschool period had more overall effects on intelligence quotient and some aspects of the executive functions. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic and cultural factors are the best predictors for intelligence quotient and behaviour. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the sequelae of TBI in children, which will help in rehabilitation planning and re-adaptation to functional life.

TITLE: Perfil y factores pronósticos en el traumatismo craneoencefálico en la edad pediátrica.Introducción. El traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) es una causa común de muerte y discapacidad en la población pediátrica, aunque la bibliografía en población española sea escasa. Desde la perspectiva de la vulnerabilidad temprana, los hallazgos de investigaciones recientes sugieren que la lesión cerebral temprana tiene peores secuelas y un mayor riesgo de impacto. Objetivos. Analizar el perfil de la inteligencia, las funciones ejecutivas y el comportamiento, y examinar la asociación de la edad a la lesión, la gravedad del TCE y los factores ambientales para los resultados cognitivos y conductuales. Pacientes y métodos. Setenta y un participantes con TCE moderado a grave, con edades entre 6 y 16 años, fueron evaluados con medidas de inteligencia (cociente intelectual), funciones ejecutivas y comportamiento. Resultados. Los niños con TCE tienen un mayor riesgo de discapacidad en todos los aspectos de inteligencia, funciones ejecutivas y comportamiento. Los niños que sufrieron una lesión cerebral traumática en la infancia y preescolar registraron más efectos globales en el cociente intelectual y algunos aspectos de las funciones ejecutivas. Conclusiones. Los factores socioeconómicos y culturales son los mejores predictores para el cociente intelectual y el comportamiento. Estos hallazgos contribuyen a una mejor comprensión de las secuelas de TCE en los niños para ayudar en la planificación de rehabilitación y la readaptación a la vida funcional.

Efficacy of a new parent and school-supported intervention after moderate and severe childhood traumatic brain injury. / Eficacia de una nueva intervencion de apoyo a padres y escuelas despues de un traumatismo craneoencefalico moderado o grave.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury is a common cause of acquired disability during childhood. Early interventions focusing on parenting practices may prove effective at reducing negative child outcomes. AIM: To determine the efficacy of a new counselling program aimed at parents and schools compared to a control group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The main study sample was obtained from a paediatric hospital. The final sample consisted of 42 children aged between 6 and 16 years old. RESULTS: Comparing with normative data, pre-post comparisons between groups showed a significant improvement in the parent group with respect to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The superiority of the parental intervention group over those of the control group was not only statistically significant, but also clinically substantial and meaningful. The results of this study suggest that children with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury can benefit from an intensive supported family treatment.

TITLE: Eficacia de una nueva intervencion de apoyo a padres y escuelas despues de un traumatismo craneoencefalico moderado o grave.Introduccion. El traumatismo craneoencefalico es una causa habitual de discapacidad adquirida durante la infancia. Las intervenciones tempranas que se centran en la participacion de los padres pueden resultar efectivas para reducir las disfunciones del niño. Objetivo. Determinar la eficacia de un nuevo programa de asesoramiento dirigido a padres y escuelas en comparacion con un grupo control. Pacientes y metodos. La muestra principal del estudio se obtuvo de un hospital pediatrico. La muestra final consistio en 42 niños de 6 a 16 años. Resultados. Comparando con los datos normativos, las comparaciones pre y post intragrupos mostraron una mejora significativa en el grupo de intervencion parental con respecto al grupo control. Conclusiones. La superioridad del grupo de intervencion parental sobre el grupo control no solo fue estadisticamente significativa, sino tambien clinicamente sustancial y relevante. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que los niños con traumatismo craneoencefalico moderado o grave pueden beneficiarse de un tratamiento familiar intensivo de apoyo.

Perfil neuropsicológico de niños adoptados internacionalmente en Cataluña / Neuropsychological profile of internationally adopted children in Catalonia

Introducción: En los últimos años la adopción internacional ha aumentado considerablemente en nuestro país. China, Federación Rusa, Colombia y Etiopía suponen el 77% del total de las adopciones internacionales en España. Los aspectos cognitivos y conductuales son un factor muy importante para la adecuada adaptación social, familiar y escolar de estos niños. Objetivo: Describir los perfiles neuropsicológicos de un grupo de niños adoptados internacionalmente en Cataluña procedentes de China, Rusia, Colombia y Etiopía. Pacientes y métodos: Exploración neuropsicológica de 49 niños procedentes de adopción internacional (6 de origen chino, 24 de origen ruso, 13 de origen colombiano y 6 de origen etíope). Resultados: El grupo de origen chino muestra normalidad en todas las funciones evaluadas. El grupo de origen ruso presenta alteración en atención selectiva, fluencia verbal fonética, control de la impulsividad, mecánica y comprensión lectora y ortografía. El grupo de origen colombiano presenta alteración en el control de la impulsividad. El grupo de origen etíope muestra normalidad en todas las funciones evaluadas exceptuando un bajo dominio ortográfico. Conclusión: Los niños adoptados procedentes de Rusia presentan mayores dificultades neuropsicológicas que el resto. La mayoría de antecedentes previos a la adopción se desconocen, por lo que no podemos justificar el origen de estas dificultades. Algunas hipótesis relacionan el consumo materno de alcohol durante la gestación y la estancia en instituciones como posibles factores influyentes. Recomendamos la inclusión de valoraciones neuropsicológicas en los protocolos de salud de estos niños en caso de presentar signos sugestivos de trastorno cognitivo y/o conductual (AU)

Introduction: During the last years, International adoption has increased significantly in our country over the last few years. China, Russia, Colombia and Ethiopia represent 77% of international adoptions in Spain. Cognitive and behavioural aspects are very important for an adequate social, family and school integration of these children. Objective: To describe the neuropsychological profiles of a group of internationally adopted children in Catalonia from China, Russia, Colombia and Ethiopia.Patients and methods: Neuropsychological examination of 49 children from international adoption (6 of Chinese origin, 24 from Russia, 13 from Colombia and 6 of Ethiopian origin). Results: The group of Chinese origin obtained average scores of all functions evaluated. The Russian origin group was below the average for, selective attention, phonetic verbal fluency, control of impulsivity, mechanics and reading comprehension, and spelling. Scores on the impulse controlin the Colombian origin group were below average. The group of Ethiopian origin obtained average scores in all functions evaluated except for spelling difficulties. Conclusion: Children adopted from Russia have greater neuropsychological difficulties than the others. Most pre-adoption history is unknown; therefore we are unable to determine the origin of these difficulties. Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the institutional environment could be influencing factors in neuropsychological delay. Inclusion of neuropsychological assessment in health protocols for these children is recommended if they develop suggestive signs of cognitive and/or behavioral impairment (AU)

[Neuropsychological profile of internationally adopted children in Catalonia]. / Perfil neuropsicológico de niños adoptados internacionalmente en Cataluña.

INTRODUCTION: During the last years, International adoption has increased significantly in our country over the last few years. China, Russia, Colombia and Ethiopia represent 77% of international adoptions in Spain. Cognitive and behavioural aspects are very important for an adequate social, family and school integration of these children. OBJECTIVE: To describe the neuropsychological profiles of a group of internationally adopted children in Catalonia from China, Russia, Colombia and Ethiopia. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Neuropsychological examination of 49 children from international adoption (6 of Chinese origin, 24 from Russia, 13 from Colombia and 6 of Ethiopian origin). RESULTS: The group of Chinese origin obtained average scores of all functions evaluated. The Russian origin group was below the average for, selective attention, phonetic verbal fluency, control of impulsivity, mechanics and reading comprehension, and spelling. Scores on the impulse control in the Colombian origin group were below average. The group of Ethiopian origin obtained average scores in all functions evaluated except for spelling difficulties. CONCLUSION: Children adopted from Russia have greater neuropsychological difficulties than the others. Most pre-adoption history is unknown; therefore we are unable to determine the origin of these difficulties. Maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and the institutional environment could be influencing factors in neuropsychological delay. Inclusion of neuropsychological assessment in health protocols for these children is recommended if they develop suggestive signs of cognitive and/or behavioral impairment.

[Predictive variables for mental retardation in a Pediatric Epilepsy Monitoring Unit. Neuropsychological assessment]. / Variables predictoras de retraso mental en una unidad de monitorización videoelectroencefalográfica pediátrica. Evaluación neuropsicológica.

AIM: We sought to describe the epidemiological and clinical data from our patients in the Pediatric Epilepsy Monitoring Unit (PEMU) of the Sant Joan de Deu Hospital of Barcelona, and determine the variables of risk for mental retardation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of PEMU reports and hospital discharge summaries from March 2005 to December 2008 was conducted. The data from patients with intelligence quotient (IQ) estimated, older than 3 years of age and with epileptic electroencephalography (EEG) activity was analyzed in 158 patients (8.8 +/- 5.2 years; 55.1% boys). Of those pediatric patients, 63 had IQ less than 70 and 47 an IQ greater than or equal to 70. Intractable epilepsy was present in all of them. RESULTS: The percentage of the patients with mental retardation is significantly higher in patients with onset of epilepsy before 24 months (68.3%) than patients with later onset (27.7%). Onset of seizures, EEG findings and epilepsy etiology are significant risk factors for mental retardation. CONCLUSIONS: Early age at seizure, multifocal epilepsy and cryptogenic etiology are factors of worse prognosis to normal development of cognitive functions in pediatric intractable epilepsy.

[Neuropsychological aspects of acquired diffuse brain injury in paediatric childhood]. / Aspectos neuropsicológicos del daño cerebral difuso adquirido en la edad pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: Acquired brain injury is one of the most common causes of long-term disability in childhood and traumatisms are the most prevalent cause. Diffuse axonal injury is associated with poor neuropsychological outcome. In contrast to early focal lesions, young age confers no advantage in the outcome of severe diffuse brain injury. Plasticity is incomplete for structural and functional deficits in children. The traditional view of enhanced reorganization of function after localized brain injury it can't be applied in early severe diffuse brain injury. In the paediatric population where the central nervous system is in a rapid state of growth, developmental factors may mask the difficulties and deficits in certain skills may not be evident until that skill is expected to emerge at a certain age. CONCLUSION: Like in adults the neuropsychological domains more affected in childhood are psychomotor speed, memory, attention and executive functioning. In childhood neuropsychological deficits will affect learning and adaptive behaviour. Sometimes deficits will be cumulative over time.

[Non-verbal learning disorder: cognitive-behavioural characteristics and neuropsychological aspects]. / Trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal: características cognitivo-conductuales y aspectos neuropsicológicos.

INTRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT: Non verbal learning disorder is a neurological condition which is considered to be a developmental disability. It is characterised by a specific dysfunction in motor, visuospatial and social skills in patients with a normal intellect and development of language. Warning signs in school are poor psychomotor coordination, arithmetic skills and drawing activities. Social judgment and social problem solving are also typically impaired. Furthermore, these patients seem to have increasing risk of emotional disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence and theories suggest that dysfunction of white matter in the right hemisphere could be the cause. The clinical characteristics and the diagnostic criteria have not fully agreed on. A comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation reveals specific and heterogeneous patterns of difficulties for each child that would make possible to address and accommodate an educational program.

Aspectos neuropsicológicos del daño cerebral difuso adquirido en la edad pediátrica / Neuropsychological aspects of acquired iffuse brain injury in paediatric childhood

Introducción y desarrollo. El daño cerebral adquirido (DCA) es causa de discapacidad en la edad pediátrica. El traumatismo craneoencefálico grave constituye la causa más frecuente de DCA. El pronóstico vital del DCA es más favorable en el niño que en el adulto. No sucede así con el pronóstico neuropsicológico, que es más desfavorable cuanto menor es la edad en el momento de producirse la lesión. En el daño cerebral difuso la plasticidad y capacidad de reorganización cerebral tienen un efecto limitado en la compensación de los déficit cognitivos y conductuales. Debido al proceso de desarrollo del sistema nervioso del niño, la repercusión del DCA puede tardar años en ser evidente. Las demandas crecientes en la escuela, de autonomía y de adaptación social, harán que las dificultades puedan ser progresivas con la edad. Conclusión. Las funciones neuropsicológicas más afectadas, igual que en la edad adulta, son la velocidad psicomotora, memoria, funciones ejecutivas y atencionales. El proceso de desarrollo y aprendizaje del niño hará que la repercusión sea mucho mayor (AU)

Introduction and development. Acquired brain injury is one of the most common causes of long-term disability in childhood and traumatisms are the most prevalent cause. Diffuse axonal injury is associated with poor neuropsychological outcome. In contrast to early focal lesions, young age confers no advantage in the outcome of severe diffuse brain injury. Plasticity is incomplete for structural and functional deficits in children. The traditional view of enhanced reorganization of function after localized brain injury it can’t be applied in early severe diffuse brain injury. In the paediatric population where the central nervous system is in a rapid state of growth, developmental factors may mask the difficulties and deficits in certain skills may not be evident until that skill is expected to emerge at a certain age. Conclusion. Like in adults the neuropsychological domains more affected in childhood are psychomotor speed, memory, attention and executive functioning. Inchildhood neuropsychological deficits will affect learning and adaptive behaviour. Sometimes deficits will be cumulative over time (AU)

Trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal: características cognitivo-conductuales y aspectos neuropsicológicos / Non-Verbal learning disorder: Cognitive behavioural characteristics and neuropsychological aspects

Introducción y desarrollo. El trastorno de aprendizaje no verbal es un trastorno de base neurobiológica que se caracteriza por una disfunción específica en habilidades motrices y visuoespaciales/visuoconstructivas y por dificultades en las relaciones sociales, en pacientes con una inteligencia general y habilidades lingüísticas preservadas. En la escuela, los niños afectados presentan alteraciones en la psicomotricidad y en tareas de dibujo, plástica y cálculo. Con frecuencia se asocian dificultades en la relación social (percepción social, juicio y habilidades de interacción social) y existe una predisposición a padecer problemas emocionales. Conclusiones. Fisiopatológicamente se ha relacionado con una disfunción hemisférica cerebral derecha en la sustancia blanca. Las características clínicas y los criterios diagnósticos no están totalmente definidos. La exploración neuropsicológica pone de manifiesto perfiles clínicos diferentes. Es importante una temprana identificación para poner en marcha las estrategias educativas adecuadas en cada caso (AU)

Introduction and development. Non verbal learning disorder is a neurological condition which is considered to be a developmental disability. It is characterised by a specific dysfunction in motor, visuospatial and social skills in patients with a normal intellect and development of language. Warning signs in school are poor psychomotor coordination, arithmetic skills and drawing activities. Social judgment and social problem solving are also typically impaired. Furthermore, these patients seem to have increasing risk of emotional disorders. Conclusions. Current evidence and theories suggest that dysfunction of white matter in the right hemisphere could be the cause. The clinical characteristics and the diagnostic criteria have not fully agreed on. A comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation reveals specific and heterogeneous patterns of difficulties for each child that would make possible to address and accommodate an educational program (AU)

[The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive function in childhood]. / La contribución del cerebelo en las funciones cognitivas en la edad pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebellum traditionally has been considered as a neural structure dedicated to motor control. Published studies in the last decades suggest that the cerebellum has an important role in behaviour and cognition specially in paediatric age. OBJECTIVE: We review the cerebellum role in cognitive function in developmental and acquired cerebellar pathology.

La contribución del cerebelo en las funciones cognitivas en la edad pediátrica / The contribution of the cerebellum to cognitive function in childhood

Introducción. El cerebelo se consideró durante muchos años como una estructura que contribuía a la coordinación y al control motor. En los últimos años, distintos estudios clínicos, patológicos y de neuroimagen han evidenciado el papel del cerebelo en funciones cognitivas y conductuales. El papel que desempeña el cerebelo en el funcionamiento cognitivo parece ser más decisivo en la edad pediátrica que en el adulto. Objetivo. Se revisa el papel del cerebelo en las funciones cognitivas en distintas patologías pediátricas, congénitas y adquiridas (AU)